Glossary
CHAPTER 1. CLIMATE, TERRITORY AND POPULATION
Mean Maximum Temperature
The average daily maximum air temperature, for each month and as an annual statistics, calculated overall years of record.
Mean Minimum Temperature
The long-term average daily minimum air temperature observed during a calendar month and over the year.
Mean Relative Humidity Percent
Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air. Relative humidity, expressed as a percent, measures the current absolute humidity relative to the maximum (highest point) for that temperature.
Mean Temperature
The average daily maximum and maximum air temperature, for each month and as an annual statistics, calculated over all years of record.
Monthly Mean Temperature
The average of the mean monthly maximum and minimum temperatures.
Rainfall
The amount of water falling in rain, snow, etc., within a given time and area, usually expressed as a hypothetical depth of coverage.
Relative Humidity Percent
Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air. Relative humidity, expressed as a percent, measures the current absolute humidity relative to the maximum (highest point) for that temperature.
Date & Time
Date is the year-month-day and time is the hour-minutes-seconds which is an earthquake occurred time in UTC (Coordinated Universal Time).
Latitude & Longitude
Latitude is the location of a point north or south of
the equator, expressed in degrees with decimal.
Longitude is the location of a point east or west of prime meridian, expressed
in degrees with decimal.
Magnitude
Magnitude is the size of an earthquake by recording ground shaking on a seismograph.
State & Region
State and region are the specific name in Myanmar.
Depth
Depth refers to the how much deep (kilometer) an earthquake occurred.
Location
Location is a point on the earth's surface that is epicenter of an earthquake, usually near the center of the rupture area.
Catastrophic Occurrences, Losses and Relief
Department of Disaster Management provides relief assistance in cash or/and in kind to those who suffered from natural and manmade disasters such as fire, floods, cyclone, earthquake, thunder lighting stroke, landslide, conflict and others. The provision of assistance is based on the data confirmed by the local administrative authorities or/and regional Department of Disaster Management.
Causes of Fire and Losses
Fire Services Department is responsible for fire safety activities like fire precaution, fire prevention and firefighting as well as for search and rescue activities in case of natural disasters and other emergencies. The information related to the response of the operation and losses of damages are recorded by Fire Services Department.
State
The territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of nation.
Region
It is a specific area defined by having its own characteristics.
District
States and Regions are divided into districts, which in turn are subdivided into townships then towns, wards and villages.
Township
The region where the boundary is stipulated and formed under the Ward or Village Tract Administration Law by collecting the relevant wards or the relevant village tracts and town as the Township.
Town
The region where the boundary is stipulated and formed under the Ward or Village Tract Administration Law by collecting the relevant wards as the town.
Ward
The region where boundary is stipulated and formed under the Ward or Village Tract Administration Law as the ward in the relevant town boundary.
Village Tract
The region where the boundary is stipulated and formed under the Ward or Village Tract Administration Law of a village or collecting of villages as village tract.
Village
The region where boundary is stipulated and formed under the Ward or Village Tract Administration Law as the village in the estate which is not included within the relevant town boundary.
Urban Area
Areas classified by the General Administration Department as wards. Generally, these areas have an increased density of building structures, population and better infrastructural development.
Rural Area
Areas classified by the General Administration Department as village tracts. Generally, they are areas with low population density and a land use which is predominantly agricultural.
Total Population
It is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all persons who were within the borders of Myanmar on the night of 29th March 2014 (Census Night). All Myanmar people working in its embassies abroad and their families were counted in the census. The estimates of people who were not enumerated in a few areas in Shan State, Kachin State and Kayin State in the census.
Population Density
The Population density relates to the number of person in a give administrative area to the surface of the area, expressed in square kilometers (km2).
Total Dependency Ratio
A measure of the portion of a population which is composed of dependents (people who are too young or too old to work). It is equal to the number of people aged below 15 or above 64 divided by the number of individuals aged 15 to 64, expressed as a percentage. It is the sum of the youth dependency ratio and the old-age dependency ratio.
Dependency Ratio
The number of dependent population per 100 working-age population.
Old Age Dependency Ratio
People older than 64 to the working-age population (aged 15-64). Data are shown as the proportion of dependents per 100 working-age population.
Child Dependency Ratio
The ratio of child population (people younger than 15 years) to the productive-age population (aged 15-64).
Aging Index
The number of persons 60 years old or over per hundred persons under age 15.
Foreigners Residing
A person who is not a citizen of Myanmar in which he
or she is residing or temporarily staying.
CHAPTER 2. HEALTH AND SOCIAL WELFARE
Certified Veterinarian
A person who has been certified and is employed by a licensed veterinarian.
Child Malnourishment: NCHS and WHO Standards
Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) introduced new child growth standards for use in deriving indicators of nutritional status, such as stunting, wasting and underweight. These standards are based on the growth of infants from six different regions of the world who were fed according to WHO and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) feeding recommendations, had a non-smoking mother, had access to primary health care and did not have any serious constraints on health during infancy or early childhood. It is recommended that these new growth standards replace the previously recommended international growth reference devised by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) in the United States. The prevalence of malnutrition estimated using WHO standards is expected to differ from that based on the NCHS growth reference because there are differences in median weight-for-age, height-for-age and weight-for-height between the two. (http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/88/1/08-057901/en/)
Development of Border Area and National Races
Progress of Border Areas and National Races Department carry out development program in the border areas- 21 regions. They are (1) Kachin State (2) Kayah State (3) Kayin State (4) Chin State (5) Mon State (6) Rakhine State (7) Shan State (8) Pa-O self Administered Zone (9) Palaung self Administered Zone (10) Danu self Administered Zone (11) Kokang self Administered Zone (12) Wa self Administered Zone (13) Sagaing Region (14) Naga self Administered Zone (15) Taninthayi Region (16) Bago Region (17) Yangon Region (18) Ayeyawady Region (19) Mandalay Region (20) Magway Region and (21) Nay Pyi Taw.
Fatality Rate
Ratio of deaths in an area to the population of that area; expressed per 1,000 per year.
Health Structures
They are articulated in General and Specialist Hospitals, Dispensaries, Health Centers by State, Region and Township level.
Indigenous Medical Practitioner
A person whose primary employment role is to diagnose physical and mental illnesses, disorders and injuries. He prescribes medications and treatments based on the theories, beliefs, and experiences indigenous of traditional medicine that promote or restore good health.
Immunization, measles (% of children ages 9-18 months)
Child immunization measures the percentage of children aged 9-18 months who received vaccinations before 12 months or at any time before the survey. A child is considered adequately immunized against measles after receiving one dose of vaccine. (http://www.who.int/immunization/ monitoring_surveillance/en/)
Iodized Salt Consumption Rate
Consumption of iodized salt refers to the percentage of households who use edible salt fortified with iodine.
Lady Health Visitor
She is a qualified Midwife with post-registration experience who has undertaken further training for Supervisory role Responsible for Primary Health Care Services Mainly Maternal and Child Health.
Public Health Supervisor
He or She is trained and responsible for Primary Health Care Services Mainly diseases control and Environmental Sanitation.
Social Welfare Establishment
The Department of Social Welfare provides various types
of welfare services to child and youth who are received and cared in respective
training schools and centers. The Government establishes Women's Development
Centers and Vocational Training Centers for Women to provide institiutional
care, health care, counseling, vocational training through income generation
activities and teaching of 3Rs. The Ministry of Social Welfare, Relief
and Resettlement, Department of Social Welfare has opened (11) youth training
schools for boys and girls between the ages of 12 to 20 who are in need
of protection, according to the Child Rights Law as per categories; (1)
Youth Training Schools for care and devolopment, (2) Youth Training Schools
for temporary care and (3) Youth Training Schools for corruption and rehabilitation.
Department of Social Welfare has opened (155) pre-primary schools and
(1) day-care centers for the early children, and giving technology and
financial assistance to (1712) voluntary pre-primary schools, Department
of Social Welfare has opened the (8) residential nurseries for the children
who are in need of protection as per Yangon, Mandalay, Mawlamyine, Magway,
Kyaingtong, Pathein, Sittway and Nay Pyi Taw. In accordance with the "Myanmar
Policy for Early Childhood Care and Development", strategy 3; Early Childhood
Intervention (ECI) has been including for under 5 years of Children who
are developmental delay. Department of Social Welfare has been giving
awareness training for staff to increase staff capacities and expand Early
Childhood Intervention System and sharing awareness programme for community
by budget year in the whole States and Divisions. Department of Social
Welfare is organizing Mother Circles in States and Regions, especially
wards, village tracks and villages and provides financial and material
support for those Mother Circles including nutrition, personal hygiene
and stimulating places for children under 5 years whose mothers must work
outside of the home.
The Government also takes responsibility to take care of and rehabilitate
the persons with disabilities. There are 8 schools for different types
of disabilities operated under Department of Social Welfare. In the Vocational
Training Schools for Adult person with disabilities, vocational trainings
such as silk screen-printing, photography, electronic device repairing,
computer and hair dressing are being trained. The two Schools for Children
with disabilities built in Yangon and Mandalay Regions accept children
of several types of disabilities such as those with cerebral palsy, Amputee,
Autism, Down's Syndrome, Global Developmental Delay as well as those with
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Apart from these, the
two Schools for children with visual disabilities are opened for educational
and vocational rights for blind and partially-sighted children, which
are located Yangon and Sagaing Regions. Moreover, hearing-challenged children
may have their educational and vocational opportunities by joining the
two schools for children with hearing disabilities resided in Yangon and
Mandalay Regions. For orphan with disabilities and children with multiple
or several disabilities, the Disabled Care Center is established to give
care, look after and even provides the basic education to them if appropriate.
Day Care Center for the Aged run by the Department of Social Welfare is
located in Yangon and is carrying out the task for dignified, active and
healthy life of order people as an important task. Social Pension Program
is now being implemented in all States and Regions of Myanmar. This program
aims to ensure income security for people of older ages, to empower them
to meet their needs and to ensure access to health services. Maternal
and Child Cash Transfer Program (MCCT) is now being implemented in Chin
State, Rakhine State, Naga Self-administered Region, Kayin, Kayah, Ayeyawady
and Shan, MCCT is carried out in these areas according to high stunting
rates and it is planning to extend step by step. Its aim is to improve
dietary intake, dietary diversity, afford basic health care essential
during pregnancy and birth, improve feeding of young children and afford
basic health care essential during early childhood. Social Welfare Services
are implemented not only by Government but also by NGOs establishing schools
and homes.
Department of Social Welfare provides financial assistance of vulnerable
groups such as children, youths, women, persons with disability and elderly
etc. As an effort to facilitate not only enhance the policy but also anchored
the strategies and legislation. Social Protection Programs have been prioritized
and implemented step by step for most vulnerable groups to protect and
prevent from socio-economic risks and shocks as well as to promote their
well-beings.
Department of Social Welfare has established One Stop Women Support Centre-
OSWSC at Yangon, Mandalay, Lashio, Mawlamyine, Loikaw, Monywa and Sittwe
if necessary to provide particular safety according to the situation of
the survivors and the survivors is being received and protected.
In OSWSCs, Survivors are being conducted the services such as health care,
legal services, psychosocial support and providing the vocational trainings
and livelihood support for rehabilitation.
Morever, Department of Social Welfare conducted OSWSC Guideline to provide
the qualified and systematic services in OSWSC centers and introduced
and released this guideline on 8th March 2023 and the service
is being provided in accordance with OSWSC Guideline in the centers.
The Government establishes (11) Schools for Home Science to provide livelihood
skills for women. Moreover, Center for Women Care and Development is established
to take care of convicted student girls and HIV positive, mental disorder
and disabilities student girls according to Article 57 of Child Rights
Law.
The Department of Social Welfare under the Ministry of Social Welfare,
Relief and Resettlement is being opened Social Cohesion Training in States
and Regions with the aim of strengtheing social harmony and social integration
among local organizations in the process of humanitarian assistance, resettlement
and reintegration.
The Department of Social Welfare was launched to mange the social cases
all over the country case management training and to be carried out the
cases by getting information easily and quickly in real time and supervised
these cases under the working mechanism of the union government, Nationwide
Case Management Supervision Unit (NCMSU) leading by Dirctor General of
the Department of Social Welfare was organized in October, 2020.
Case Management System is being with (77) case managers in 2015 now at
this moment were (259) case managers are trained. The Case Managers served
in accordance with Case Management Standard Operating Procedure.
In addition, DSW provided to sexual violence children, who are under and
16 years old as linking with legal aids, psychological supports, connecting
with the medical social welfare for health, cost for facing legal issues,
vocational cost for livelihood and cost for medical care as necessary.
Intending with systematically data restored and case management process
as served in line with, CMIS (Case Management Information System Digital
Platform) is launching as made for applicable. Social Management Information
System (SMIS) as launching system of Department of Social Welfare, Relief
and Resettlement was achieved as the prize of ASOCIO Digital Govermment
Award 2022 on (29.12.2022) at Singapore.
Volume of Government Insurance Business
The Government also takes responsibility to take care
of and rehabilitate the persons with disabilities. There are 8 schools
for different types of disabilities operated under Department of Social
Welfare. In the Vocational Training School for Adult person with disabilities,
vocational trainings such as silk screen-printing, photography, electronic
device repairing, computer and hair dressing are being trained. The two
Schools for Children with disabilities built in Yangon and Mandalay Regions
accept children of several types of disabilities such as those with cerebral
palsy, Autism, Down's Syndrome, Paraplegia and hemiplegia as well as those
with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.
CHAPTER 3. VITAL STATISTICS
Age-Specific Fertility Rate (ASFR)
The age-specific fertility rate measures the annual number of births to women of a specified age or age group per 1,000 women in that age group. Unless otherwise specified, the reference period for the age-specific fertility rates is the calendar year.
Age-Specific Mortality Rate (ASMR)
The age-specific mortality rate (ASMR), also called the age-specific death rate, for a given population, a given age, and a given year, refers to the number of deaths in that year to people of that age for every 1000 people of that age.
Cause Specific Death Rate
Cause-specific death rate is the number of deaths from a specified cause per 100,000 person-years at risk. The numerator is typically restricted to resident deaths in a specific geographic area.
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
The number of live births occurring in a population during a given period of time, usually a calendar year, i.e., the number of live births occurring among the population of given geographical area during a given year, per 1,000 mid-year total population of that area during the same year.
Crude Death Rate (CDR)
The number of deaths occurring in a population during a given period of time, usually a calendar year, i.e., the number of deaths occurring among the population of given geographical area during a given year, per 1,000 mid-year total population of that area during the same year.
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
The number of infant deaths occurring during the same period of time, usually a calendar year, i.e., the number of deaths of live-born children under 1 year of age occurring in a given geographical area during a given year, per 1,000 live births occurring among the population of that area during the same year.
Life Expectancy at birth
Life expectancy at birth is defined as the average number of years that a newborn could expect to live if he or she were to pass through life subject to the age-specific mortality rates of a given period.
Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR)
The maternal mortality ratio (MMR) is the ratio of the number of maternal deaths during a given time period per 100,000 live births during the same time-period. A maternal death refers to a female death from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management (excluding accidental or incidental causes) during pregnancy and childbirth or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy.
Natural Increase Rate
The rate of natural increase refers to the difference between the number of live births and the number of deaths occurring in a year, divided by the mid-year population of that year, multiplied by a factor (usually 1,000). It is equal to the difference between the crude birth rate and the crude death rate.
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
Total fertility rate (TFR) in simple terms refers to total number of children born or likely to be born to a woman in her life time if she were subject to the prevailing rate of age-specific fertility in the population.
Under Five Mortality Rate (U5MR)
The under-five mortality rate is the probability (expressed as a rate per 1,000 live births) of a child born in a specified year dying before reaching the age of five if subject to current age-specific mortality rates.
Medical Certification of Causes of Death
In principle, hospitals with physicians should routinely record deaths by date and place of occurrence, age and sex of the decedent, and cause of death (COD). COD should be certified by a physician using the World Health Organization International Form of Medical Certificate of Cause of Death. The COD should be coded according to International Classification of Diseases (ICD) standards.
International Classification of Diseases
The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is the foundation for the identification of health trends and statistics globally, and the international standard for reporting diseases and health conditions. It is the diagnostic classification standard for all clinical and research purposes. Uses include monitoring of the incidence and prevalence of diseases, observing reimbursements and resource allocation trends, and keeping track of safety and quality guidelines. They also include the counting of deaths as well as diseases, injuries, symptoms, reasons for encounter, factors that influence health status, and external causes of disease. The first international classification edition, known as the International List of Causes of Death, was adopted by the International Statistical Institute in 1893. WHO was entrusted with the ICD at its creation in 1948 and published the 6th version, ICD-6, that incorporated morbidity for the first time. The WHO Nomenclature Regulations, adopted in 1967, stipulated that Member States use the most current ICD revision for mortality and morbidity statistics. The ICD has been revised and published in a series of editions to reflect advances in health and medical science over time. ICD-10 was endorsed in May 1990 by the Fortythird World Health Assembly. (http://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/)
CHAPTER 4. JUSTICE AND SECURITY
Crime
Offense for which the main penalty of imprisonment, fine and some accessory penalties ( i.e. interdiction from Public Offices ) are provided.
Prisoners
People sentenced under measures restricting freedom, held in prison in pre-trial detention or serving a sentence.
Traffic Accidents
The Vienna Convention of 1968 defines the accident as
the fact that occurred in streets or squares open to traffic where vehicles(
or animals ) are involved still or moving , and from which they are derived
injury. They exclude traffic accidents with only property damage.
CHAPTER 5. EDUCATION
B.Ed Correspondence Course at the University of Education
Correspondence course in education is given to in-service graduate teachers. They are accepted in the Yangon University of Education (which was established on 1967-1968 academic year) and Sagaing University of Education (which was opened in 2000-2001 academic year).
Monastic Education
With the aim of providing the needy children and various parts of the country with education and enabling them to become culturally refined citizen. Donations for Monastic Education are offered not only by people within the country but also by people from abroad.
Student Teacher ratio
The average number of pupils (students) per teacher as a specific level of education (primary, middle, high) in a given school-year.
The School System
It is divided into three levels:(Primary, Lower Secondary
and Upper Secondary). Data on Schools, Teachers and Students are disaggregated
by Level, States and Regions.
The new system of Matriculation Examination was introduced in 2001-2002
academic year in order to enable students to study their preferred subject
combinations. Students are provided extensive and in-depth instruction
of individual subjects and taught at International Level. They are required
to take Myanmar, English and Mathematics as compulsory subjects and a
combination of 3 subjects- Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Geography, History,
Economics and Optional Myanmar - Constituting and 8 subjects combination
at the level of Basic Education High School as follows;
(1) Economics, Physics and Chemistry
(2) Geography, History and Economics
(3) Geography, History and Optional Myanmar
(4) History, Economics and Optional Myanmar
(5) History, Physics and Chemistry
(6) Optional Myanmar, Physics and Chemistry
(7) Physics, Chemistry and Biology
(8) Geography, Physics and Chemistry
The University System
It is divided into Universities and Degree Colleges.
Classes of the higher education were suspended during 1989 and 1990 and
reopened in 1991. No examinations were held from 1988 to 1990. Dagon University
and the National University of Arts and Culture, Yangon and Mandalay were
opened in 1993. University of Computer Studies (Yangon) was opened in
1987, Mandalay was opened in 1997 and Other Computer Colleges were upgraded
as Computer Universities on 20th January 2007. The International
Theravada Buddhist Missionary University was opened in 1998. Institute
of Medicine (Magway), University of Kyaukse and University of West Yangon
were opened in 2001. Meiktila, Hinthada Degree Colleges were upgraded
to University in 2001. Myanmar Aerospace and Engineering University was
opened in 2002.
Myanmar Maritime University (MMU) was established in 1st August
2002 by the military government per the Myanmar Maritime University Law
(The State Peace and Development Council Law No.1/2002). It is the premier
university of maritime education in Myanmar. MMU, administered by the
Ministry of Transport and Communications, offers five-year bachelor's
degree programs and two-year post-graduate diplomas in various marine
and naval disciplines. However, Myanmar Maritime University changed to
six-year Bachelors degree programs except Nautical Science in 2012-2013
Academic Year. MMU is one of the most selective universities in Myanmar
as MMU is to produce well competent qualified naval architects, marine
engineers and scientists. Admissions are based primarily on the marks
received in the university entrance examinations. Now, there are 47 Arts
and Science Universities, 1 college and 1 degree college under the Ministry
of Education.
Vocational Trainees
Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech) four years course were
commenced in 2023-2024 Academic Year at the Government Technological Colleges
under the Department of Technical and Vocational Education and Training
(DTVET). The number of students who attended the B.Tech Courses at the
Government Technological Colleges under DTVET shows Table (5.18).
Associate of Government Technical Institute (A.G.T.I) three years course
were commenced in 2013-2014 Academic Year at the Government Technological
Colleges and Government Technical Institute under the Department of Technical
and Vocational Education and Training (DTVET). The number of students
who attended the A.G.T.I Diploma Courses at the Government Technical Institutes
and Government Technological Colleges under DTVET shows Table (5.18).
Government Technical High School (GTHS) three years course were commenced
in 2010-2011 Academic Year at the Government Technical High School under
the Department of Technical and Vocational Education and Training (DTVET).
The number of students who attended the GTHS Courses at the Government
Technical High School under DTVET shows Table (5.18).
CHAPTER 6. HOUSEHOLDS AND SOCIAL ISSUES
Housing Characteristics
According to the Statistics Law of Myanmar, the Myanmar Living Conditions Survey (MLCS) 2017 was conducted by the Central Statistical Organization. The MLCS focuses on the living conditions of households of Myanmar in 2017. In particular, it provides a wide range of information on how people work, how much income they earn, and how they use this to meet the food, housing, health, education and other needs of their families.
Consumption Quintile
Consumption quintile refers to the division of a population into five equal groups based on their level of consumption expenditure. The first quintile represents the lowest 20% of the population in terms of consumption expenditure, while the fifth quintile represents the highest 20%. Q1 to Q5 represents per adult equivalent consumption quintiles with Q1=poorest quintile and Q5=wealthiest quintile.
Poverty Status
Poverty is a state of being poor, characterized by a lack of essential resources or income to meet basic needs such as food, shelter, and healthcare. A household is considered to be poor if its per adult equivalent consumption level in kyats falls below the threshold that is considered necessary to meet the basic minimum standard of living in Myanmar.
Sanitation Facilities
Improved sanitation means use of improved toilet with hand washing facilities, without sharing with any other households. Improved sanitation facility has three broad criteria; (i) using improved types of toilets, (ii) not sharing with other households, and (iii) having hand washing facility. MLCS does not provide information on faecal waste system of the toilet.
National Library Statistics
The functions of the National Library are acquisition, data processing, circulation and library development along with the timeline and advanced information and cummunication technology. Library provide the documents and papers required by Government Agencies and to provide services to the students, researchers and public for their easy use of library materials for references from 1984 onward, the library is opening to the public.
Published Books
According to the Printing and Publishing Law 2014, Ministry of Information give the notification certificates to all printers and publishers. All the printers and publishers shall be send what they publish (Books, Magazines, Journals, Newspaper and etc.) to Information and Public Relation Department under the Ministry of Information, according to this law.
Daily newspaper Circulation
Total number of daily newspaper circulated in a day.
Yearly newspaper Circulation :
Total number of yearly newspaper circulated in a year.
Public Library
Every district and township in the country has Information and Public Relations Libraries, which offer free library services to the general public.
Registration Free Library
The Library and Exhibition Management Committee, chaired by the Director General of IPRD, was formed in accordance with the Library and Exhibition Management Law of 1964. Registration Free Library is permitted under this law, apply to some guidance provided by the Library Committee.
Reader
Readers are the visitors who read, listen, and watch in IPRD libraries. Daily Readers Records are kept in all IPRD offices.
Self- Reliance Library
A self-reliance library is one that is established by local people for the purpose of reading for themselves and disseminating knowledge among local communities.
Seizure of Narcotic Drugs
Currently, all the drug seizure cases are being prosecuted
under the law of 1993 Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Law which
was amended on 14th February 2018. The Law calls for control
of precursor chemicals and psychotropic substances and money laundering,
associated with illicit trafficking of narcotic drugs and psychotropic
substances.
CHAPTER 7. LABOUR AND EMPLOYMENT
Employment through Labour Exchange Offices
Job-seekers who are registered at Township Labour Exchange Offices (18 Labour Exchange Offices in Yangon and 73 Labour Exchange Offices in other States and Regions.)
Employment to Population Ratio
The proportion of an economy's working-age population that is employed. It provides information on the ability of an economy to create jobs.
Labour Force Participation Rate
The Labour Force Participation Rate is a measure of the proportion of a country's working-age population that engages actively in the labour market, either by working or looking for work; It porvides an indication of the size of the supply of labour available to engage in production of goods and services, ralative to the population at working age.
Overseas Employment
Department of labour is issuing Overseas Worker Identification Card- OWIC to the workers through inspecting to them who are planning to work in foreign countries either with the arrangement of Licensed Overseas Employment Agencies and or individual arrangement.
Labour Force
Persons who are either in employment or in unemployment constitute the labour force. The sum of persons in employment and in unemployment equals to the labour force.
Outside Labour Force
Persons outside the labour force are those of working age that neither in employment nor in unemployment in a short reference period.
Employment
Persons in employment are defined as all those of working
age, who during a reference period of seven days, engage in any activity
to produce goods or provide services for pay or a kind of profit. They
comprise:
(1)"Employed persons at work", i.e. those who worked for at least
one-hour long job;
(2)"Employed persons not at work" due to temporary absence from
a job or different time arrangements (such as shift work, flexi time and
compensatory leave for overtime).
Unemployment
Persons in unemployment are defined as all those of working age who do not have a job but are looking for a job during a specified period and are available to start working if they get a job.
Labour Underutilization
It refers to mismatch between labour supply and demand,
which translates into an unmet need for employment among the population.
Measures of Labour Underutilization are as below:
(a)Time-related Underemployment: Based on the amended Factory Act
1951, it refers to those who are willing and available to engage in other
work, as their existing working hours is less than 44 hours per week;
(b)Unemployment: It refers to an unemployed person who is currently
searching for and available for the job;
(c)Potential Labour Force: It refers to an unemployed person who
is willing to work, but being in a condition limited to their job search
and/or availability.
Youth
Youth means when one is young or in the age range before adulthood. The United Nations (UN), for statistical purposes, defines 'youth', as the individuals between 15-24 years.
Child
In accordance with the ILO Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention No. 182 (1999) and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, a child is defined as an individual under 18 years of age. Measuring of child labour include all persons in the age group from 5 to 17 years, where age is measured as the number of completed years at the child's last birthday.
Child Labour
In Myanmar, there is no official definition of child
labour, yet. Therefore, the definition referred in this survey is in accordance
with the 18th International Conference of Labour Statisticians
(18thICIS) resolution, the amended articles by 1951 Factory
Act and the 2016 Shops and Establishments Law, where working children
of the following types are considered as Child Labour:
(1) Age 5 years and under 18 years engaged in hazardous work for pay or
profit for at least one hour per week or working in the night time (6
p.m. to 6 a.m.) for pay or profit; (OR)
(2) Age between 5 years and under 14 years and engaged for at least one
hour per week for pay or profit; (OR)
(3) Age between 14 years and under 16 years and engaged for more than
24 hours per week for pay or profit; (OR)
(4) Age between 16 years and under 18 years and engaged in work more than
44 hours a week for pay or profit.
The rest of working children are not regarded as child labour and are
labelled as "working children other than child labour".
Social Security Scheme
Social Security Scheme has been introduced in Myanmar
by Social Security Act, 1954 which came into enforce on 1st
January 1956. Now, Social Security Law, 2012, was enacted and it has been
implementing since 1st April 2014 in line with the international
standard.
There are six types of social insurance systems in Social Security Law,
2012. Now only the two insurance systems: Health and Social Care Insurance
System and Employment Injury Benefit Insurance System which have been
implementing as follow:
(a) Health and Social Care Insurance System (If the insured person is
within 60 years of age at the time of initial registration, 2% by the
employer and 2% by the worker, totally contribution for 4% and if the
insured person is over 60 years of age at the time of initial registration,
2.5 percent by the employer and 2.5 percent by the worker, totally contribution
for 5%.)
(b) Employment Injury Benefit Insurance System (Only the employer shall
pay contribution for 1 %.)
The insured workers who have paid contribution under Social Security Law,
2012, shall entitle medical treatment in time of sickness, confinement
and employment injury at the establishment for any cause and the following
cash benefits:
(a) Sickness Benefit of insured person (has the right to enjoy 60 percent
of average wage of the previous four months as cash benefit relation to
sickness up to 26 weeks.)
(b) Maternity Benefit of female insured worker (has the right to enjoy
70 percent of average wage of a year as cash benefit relating to maternity
up to 14 weeks and then if it is the twin delivery which has the right
to enjoy another four weeks for the child care.)
(c) Maternity expense of the female insured workers (has the right to
enjoy 50 percent for single delivery, 75 percent for twin delivery and
100 percent for triplet delivery and above of average wage of a month.)
(d) Miscarriage benefit of the female insured (has the right to enjoy
70 percent of average wage of a year as cash benefit relating to miscarriage
up to 6 weeks.)
(e) Adoption of the child under 1 year of the female insured worker (has
the right to enjoy 70 percent of average wage of a year as cash benefit
relating to adopt up to 8 weeks.)
(f) Paternity Benefit of the male insured (has the right to enjoy 70 percent
of average wage of previous one year and 15 days leave for infant care
on confinement of his insured wife.)
(g) Maternity expense of the male insured for paternity whose wife is
an uninsured (has the right to entitled half of maternity expense.)
(h) Medical treatment benefit for her child on confinement of female insured
(has the right to take medical treatment for her child up to one year.)
(i) Funeral Expense (if the insured person is deceased for any cause,
for a person nominate or dependent of those insured that they can be claimed
to entitled up to maximum of five times from one time for funeral expense.)
(j) Medical Treatment for Retired (insured civil services after retiring
who has the right to take the continuously medical treatment if it had
paid contribution for 180 months and above under the combined of the Social
Security Law, 2012 and Social Security Act 1954.)
(k) Temporary Disability Benefit (has the right to entitled 70 percent
of average wage of a month within four months prior to occupational accident
from the date of incapacity for work, to a maximum of 12 months for reducing
or ceasing of earning by reasons of incapable to work of employment injury
under medical certificate.)
(l) Permanent Disability Benefit (has the right to entitled five years
to nine years in lump sum with calculation based on 70 percent of average
wage of a month of the partial capacity and total loss of capacity for
work due to employment injury.)
(m) Survivors' Benefit for deceased of employment injury (has the right
to entitled 30 times up to 80 times based on contribution of the insured
person.)
CHAPTER 8. NATIONAL ACCOUNTS
Gross Domestic Product(GDP)
The monetary value of all the finished goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific time period. Though GDP is usually calculated on an annual basis, it can be calculated on a quarterly basis as well. GDP includes all private and public consumption, government outlays, investments and exports minus imports that occur within a defined territory.- Gross domestic product is an aggregate measure of production
equal to the sum of the gross values added of all resident institutional
units engaged in production (plus any taxes, and minus any
subsidies, on products not included in the value of their outputs).
- The sum of the final uses of goods and services (all uses except intermediate consumption) measured in purchasers' prices, less the value of imports of goods and services, or the sum of primary incomes distributed by resident producer units.
Per Capita GDP
The total output of a country that takes the gross domestic product (GDP) divided by the number of people in the country. The per capita GDP is especially useful when comparing one country to another because it shows the relative performance of the countries. A rise in per capita GDP signals growth in the economy and tends to translate as an increase in productivity.
Real Economic Growth Rate
A measure of economic growth from one period to another
expressed as a percentage and adjusted for inflation (i.e. expressed in
real as opposed to nominal terms).
CHAPTER 9. AGRICULTURE
Land
Land are classified into reserved forests, current fallows, net area sown, cultivable waste land, other wood land and others.
Crops
Crops are classified into Cereals, Oilseeds, Pulses,
Spices and Condiments, Tobacco and Betel, Vegetables and Fruits, Beverage,
Fibre and Miscellaneous.
CHAPTER 10. FORESTRY
Permanent forest estate
Permanent forest estate means forest area that is designated
by law or regulation to be retained as forest and may not be converted
to other land use. Permanent Forest Estate includes three categories:
-Reserved Forest
-Protected Public Forest
-Protected Area System
Reserved forest and protected public forest area
Reserved forest means land constituted as a reserved forest under Myanmar Forest Law 2018.
Protected Public Forest
Protected public forest means land declared to be protected public forest under Myanmar.
Protected Area System
Protected area means a geographically defined area which
is designated or regulated and managed to achieve specific conservation
objectives.
CHAPTER 11. INDUSTRY, STATISTICAL BUSINESSES REGISTER, CONSTRUCTION AND MYANMAR MICRO, SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE SURVEY
Housing Sector
According to the Population and Housing Census (2014),
the current housing stock is 9.3 million housing units out of 10.9 million
households in nationwide, leaving a housing gap of 1.6 million units.
Thus, the Department of Urban and Housing Development (DUHD), under the
Ministry of Construction has adopted 1 million housing plan for 30 years
(2011-2040) to support the housing production sector. Whereas, 20 percent
of "1 million housing plan" is responsible to produce by the public sector
and the majority is conducted by the private sector. In Public Sector
residential building are constructed by DUHD.
The department has produced affordable housing units including owned and
rental housing, in which the average area of 1 unit is 628 square feet
and the average cost for one unit is 22.6 million kyats.
Private Buildings
Number of applications submitted to and approved by the Yangon City Development Committee, Mandalay City Development Committee and construction completed. They are classified into two categories viz., (a) new buildings and (b) extension and repairs.
School Construction
Schools were constructed by the Ministry of Construction and Private contractors.
Bridges
The bridges were constructed by the Ministry of Border Affairs, Ministry of Construction, Yangon City Development Committee, Mandalay City Development Committee and Naypyitaw Development Committee.
State-Owned Economic Enterprises
In 2020-2021, State-Owned economic enterprises have been updated according to Myanmar Standard Industrial Classification(MSIC).
Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in Manufacturing Sector
Myanmar's manufacturing sector is at the heart of the
country's commercial landscape. Business Practice Intervention survey
was conducted to provide an analysis of Myanmar's Micro, Small and Medium
Enterprises in manufacturing sector. This survey was operated the enterprises
in a total of 14 States and Regions including Nay Pyi Taw Union Territory,
operating in 33 townships, contributed to the study. In total, some 2,068
of the MEMS panel of enterprises gave commentary, for which an analysis
of 1,811 firms could be undertaken. The study used the Myanmar Standard
Industrial Classification (MSIC) codes to classify output. Only firms
producing items in the MSIC 2-digit codes 10-33 were eligible for selection.
The information of enterprises are business information, owner information,
sales structure, production, production quantity and pricing, revenue
and costs, assets, investments, labour issues, business management practices
and the intervention on business practices.
CHAPTER 12. TOURISM
Tourist (or overnight visitor)
A tourist (or overnight visitor) is defined as a person travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for one purpose (United Nations World Tourism Organization).
Visitor
A visitor is a traveller taking a trip to a main destination
outside his/her usual environment, for less than a year, for any main
purpose (business, leisure or other personal purpose) other than to be
employed by a resiednt entity in the country or place visited (United
Nations World Tourism Organization).
CHAPTER 13. FOREIGN TRADE AND INVESTMENT
Balance of Payments
The Balance of Payments is a statistical statement that summarizes transactions between residents and nonresidents during a defined period. It consists of the current account, the capital account, and the financial account. The current account shows flows of goods, services, primary income, and secondary income between residents and nonresidents. The capital account shows credit and debit entries for non-produced nonfinancial assets and capital transfers between residents and nonresidents. The financial account shows net acquisition and disposal of financial assets and liabilities. (Balance of Payments manual-6 (BPM-6))
Coverage of Foreign Trade Statistics
Data include government and private exports and imports
on trade account, gifts, aids, and parcel posts. Sale of goods, whether
foreign or national to all foreign trading ships are included in export
statistics. All data exclude exports and imports under military accounts.
Exports and imports under diplomatic privileges have been excluded since
1966. Starting from November 1988, when border trade was opened, the total
foreign trade data include border trade.
Export declaration forms and import declaration forms filled by the respective
exporters and importers and checked by customs officials constitute the
major source of information in compiling foreign trade statistics. Since
2001-2002, all exports and imports statistics are obtained from the customs
department. Starting from 2016-2017(April to March), the trade data on
electricity have been provided by the Ministry of Electricity and Energy.
In addition, the trade data on aviation fuel has included in 2018-2019
(October to September).
Exports
Domestic exports are exports of national products. All exports are domestic exports plus re-exports from bond and other than from bond. Exports were formerly recorded according to the date of shipment have; since November 1967, they are recorded according to the date of completion of consignment. Exports are credited to the country of final destination or of ultimate consumption. Exports are valued at Free on Board (FOB), namely at port or place of dispatch of exporting country.
Imports
They are the sum of goods released direct from Customs wharves for domestic consumption (direct imports for consumption) and goods passed to be bonded (imports into bond). Imports were formerly recorded according to the date of payment of duty have; since November 1967 they are recorded as of the date of arrival of goods. Imports are credited to the country of primary origin or production. Imports are valued at Cost, Insurance and Freight (CIF), namely at port or place of arrival of the country.
Import and Export Indices
Quantum Indices of exports and imports are computed to
gauge the changes in the quantity of external trade when the effects on
price movements are eliminated. Unit value indices are designed to provide
means of measuring changes in the average unit value of commodities exported
or imported.
Trade Category - General import figures and domestic export figures
for certain selected commodities are used in computing the indices and
include trade under private and government accounts.
Method - Both the Quantum and the Price Indices are of the aggregative
type computed with Laspeyre's formula. The unit sale of each commodity
is the CIF or FOB per unit value of general imports and domestic exports
respectively. Base years are 2010-2011, 2015-2016 and 2020-2021.
Myanmar Investment Law
The Myanmar Investment Law was enacted on 18th October 2016, integrating Foreign Investment Law (2012) and the Myanmar Citizens Investment Law (2013) to create a fairer and more level playing field between foreign and domestic investors as well as to create a better investment environment.
Myanmar Citizen Investor
Myanmar Citizen Investor means a citizen who invests within the Union. In this expression, Myanmar companies and branch offices, and other enterprises established and registered in accordance with the Myanmar Companies Law are included.
Foreign Investment
Foreign Investment means any direct investment made by a foreign investor within the Union.
Permitted Amount
The permitted amount means the investment amount of the
approved investment projects by the Myanmar Investment Law.
CHAPTER 14. TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS
Transports
Railway Transport, Airways Transport, Road Transport and Inland Water Transport.
Passenger-Mile
One passenger-mile corresponds to the transport of one passenger over one mile.
Freight Ton-Mile
One freight ton-mile corresponds to the transport of one ton of freight over one mile.
Railway Transport
Data represent the operation on all railway lines in the country except railways serving plantation, forests, mines or industrial plants. Statistics relating to diesel locomotives do not include diesel rail cars.
Air Transport
It includes public and private sectors for all traffic, both revenue and non revenue, performed by the Myanmar Airlines on scheduled services, non scheduled services, special and charter services. Data relating to cargo represent the total freight, baggage and mail irrespective of whether the freight is charged or not.
Road Transport
Passenger statistics include bus and taxi services. Passenger tickets and haulage form the basis for compilation of passenger statistics and freight statistics respectively. Road statistics include Union arterial highways and highways for Myanmar proper only. With the establishment of the new administration in March 1972, data for the year 1972-73 and after, include road under States administration.
Inland Water Transport
Inland water transport statistics are related to all traffic of powered vessels of the government functioning on commercial lines.
Shipping Statistics
They include fishing vessels, pleasure craft, tanker, container vessels, general cargo and passenger vessels except military vessels on government duty.
Communications Statistics
Statistics on perfomance of posts and telecommunications
services are obtained from the Posts and Telecommunications Department,
Myanma Posts and Telecommunications (MPT), Myanmar Posts and Yatanarpon
Teleport, while data on television relay stations are provided by Myanma
Radio and Television. Cellular Mobile Telephone System was begun in Yangon
and Mandalay in 1993 and 1996. Global System for Mobile Communications
(GSM) has introduced in Yangon and Mandalay in 2003 and extended to other
states and regions very soon.
MPT provides internet services to some government agencies and private
companies with an initial capacity of 400 dial-up lines since 1998. In
2014, Posts and Telecommunications Department allowed private sector inclusion
in mobile phone and internet services. At present, public service provider,
MPT and private service providers such as ATOM, Ooredoo, Mytel are providing
mobile telephone services and internet services in all over the country.
Internet and Mobile phone subscription has been dramatically increasing
since 2014.
CHAPTER 15. PRICES AND INTERNAL TRADE
Retail Price
Retail price means the price of a good or product when it is sold to the end user for consumption, not for resale through a third-party distribution channel.
Average Retail Prices
Central Statistical Organization collects average retail prices of commodity from the selected markets in the municipal area of Yangon City as well as all other cities of (79) Townships.
Wholesale Price
The cost of a goods sold by a wholesaler.
Average Wholesale Prices
Wholesale prices are collected directly from the wholesale centers in Yangon by monthly.
Consumer Price Index (CPI)
The Consumer Price Index measures the changes in price
of goods and services from a household's expenditure. Movements in the
price index reflect changes in the average household expenditure. The
index is a measurement unit designed to show changes in price level over
time through comparison to a base year. The price index is equal to 100
for the base year. CPI uses a base year of 2017. The changes in prices
of goods and services are calculated in reference to the base year for
monthly or annual figures showing a ratio or percentage. A measure of
the overall level of prices shows the cost of a fixed basket of consumer
goods relative to the cost of the same basket in a base year.
The 2017 base year computes CPI by using the following Modified Laspeyres's
Price Index formula:
Commodity Basket
Commodity basket also called basket of goods. A collection
of products, raw materials and services which are comprised the Consumer
Price Index (CPI) over a period. The basket typically indicates consumer
buying behavior across a diverse set of offerings.
The 2017 CPI introduces the UN COICOP classification. The classification
is used internationally possible to make international comparison of inflation
at more detailed levels. The 2017 CPI basket has 271 products and services,
108 food items, 163 non-food items including goods and services. There
are new 18 items in the index, for example new school uniforms, kitchen
cupboard, gas stove, washing machines, air conditioner, etc. 2017 CPI
based on only non-purchased items are excluded from total expenditure.
Inflation
An increasing overall level of prices is rising in the long period.
Inflation Rate
The percentage increase in the price of goods and services,
usually, annually. The inflation rate means the average price of commodities
has risen for a long period of time, that situation refers total demand
is higher than total supply. In other words, the inflation rate shows
climbing price index.
When the inflation rate is high, the value of a unit of currency is reduced
and larger sums of money are required to purchase the same quantity of
goods or services. This rise in the general price level and reduction
in the real value of money is inflation.
Year on Year Inflation
The Inflation can be measured by computing percentage change in current month CPI from month to month or percent change from the same month of the prior year, according to the following formula:
Annual Average Rate of Inflation
The average rate of inflation is computed monthly CPI growth rate within a year taking 12 month of year, according to the following formula:
Gold Price
Gold prices are collected from gold dealer by daily for the highest, lowest, and the average prices of 24 carat and 22 carat gold in Yangon.
Cooperative Statistics
Statistics on cooperative activities are provided by
the Cooperative Department. The major objective of cooperative society
is to procure, produce, and distribute essential goods and services to
the consumers through the respective cooperative societies.
Cooperative statistics shows the number of societies, number of members
Paid-Up Share Capital, Saving, Loan, Work Extension Fund, Social/Culture
Fund, General Fund, Liabilities, Net profit, and Working Capital from
cooperative societies.
CHAPTER 16. PUBLIC FINANCE, BANKING AND FINANCIAL MARKETS
Public Finance
The Republic of the Union of Myanmar Budget has been
classified into the Union Budget and State and Region Budget since 1st
October 2011-2012.
Nay Pyi Taw Development Committee is drawn on the basis of self-financing
since 2006-2007.
Some of the State-Owned Economic Enterprises under the Ministry of Transport
have been carried out their functions outside the Union Fund since 2013-2014
and Yangon Electricity Supply Corporation and Mandalay Electricity Supply
Corporation have been carried out their functions with their own fund
since 2015-2016.
Social Security Board has been carried out their functions outside the
Union Fund except for services personal wages and salaries since 2013-2014.
Central Bank of Myanmar is carried out its functions with its own fund
beginning from 2015-2016.
State Economic Enterprise (SEE) budget is included in umbrella of the
Union Budget. In 2018 (6) month Fiscal Year, there was 32 State Economic
Enterprises (SEEs). Among these 32 SEEs, 20 SEEs have been used Own Fund
Account and SEE Account, 7 SEEs that are Financial Institutions which
have been used only SEE Account and other 5 of SEEs are outside of the
union fund which have been used Current Account. If SEE get profit, 25%
of the net profit are paid as income tax, 20% of net profit are put into
the Union Fund as state contribution.
In 2018-2019 Fiscal Year, State Economic Enterprise also which depends
on their OA balance. Eight of SEEs have been used their own fund for all
expenditures. Five of SEEs have been used their own fund for current expenditures
and used union fund for the capital and financial expenditure. Six of
SEEs have been used their own fund for current expenditure on the purchase
of raw materials, commercial tax, income tax, State Contribution, operating
cost, administrative and research cost and distribution cost and used
for union fund for the rest of current expenditure, capital and financial
expenditure.
One of SEE has been used their own fund for current expenditure on the
50% of purchase of raw materials, commercial tax, income tax, State Contribution,
operating cost, administrative and research cost and distribution cost
and union fund for the rest of current expenditure, capital and financial
expenditure. If SEEs get profit, they shall be paid as income tax according
to the Union Tax Law and 20% of net profit shall be paid to the state
contribution to the Union Fund.
In 2019-2020 Fiscal Year, State Economic Enterprises were changed their
financial management system. According to this system, all revenue and
expenditure of SEEs put into the Union Fund Account-State Economic Enterprise
(UFA-SEE) and their UFA-OA Accounts were closed by permission of Union
Government Cabinet Meeting. If SEEs get profit, they have to pay income
tax according to the Union Tax Law and the rest of their net profit was
paid to the Government as State Contribution.
In the 2020-2021 Fiscal Year, SEEs use only the Union Fund Account-State
Economic Enterprise (UFA-SEE). If SEEs get profit, they have to pay income
tax according to the Union Tax Law and the rest of their net profit was
paid to the Government as State Contribution.
In the 2021-2022(Oct-Mar) Fiscal Year, SEEs use only the Union Fund Account-State
Economic Enterprise (UFA-SEE). If SEEs get profit, they have to pay income
tax according to the Union Tax Law and the rest of their net profit was
paid to the Government as State Contribution.
Government Debt Stock
Government debt stock refers to the total value of the government debt that a government owes to all external and domestic lenders.
Domestic Debt Stock
Domestic debt stock is the debt that the government owes to Central Bank of Myanmar, State-Owned Banks, Private Banks, Foreign Banks Branches and Securities Companies.
External Debt Stock
External debt stock is the debt that the government owes to foreign lenders like ADB, World Bank and etc.
Repayment Principle
Repayment Principle is the periodic payment based on due date that is used to reduce the outstanding loan amount.
Money Supply
Money Supply is the total value of money available in
an economy at a point of time. There are several ways to define money
such as M1, M2 and M3, etc.
Money Supply (M1) or Narrow Money covers currency outside depository corporations
and transferable deposits at banks.
Currency outside Depository Corporations
Currency outside Depository Corporations is the domestic currency included in broad money and is complied as currency in circulation less currency holdings in the vaults of other depository corporations (banks).
Transferable (Demand) deposits
Transferable (Demand) deposits comprise all deposits that are exchangeable on demand at par, without penalty or restriction, and that are otherwise commonly used to directly make payments.
People's Savings (Other Deposits)
People's savings or other deposits comprise all claims, other than transferable deposits, that are represented by evidence of deposits. It includes saving deposits, time deposits, saving certificates, and other types of deposits.
Foreign Exchange Rates
Starting from 2012-2013, managed floating foreign exchange
rate is used. Starting from 1st April 2012, the daily reference
foreign exchange rates are obtained from Central Bank of Myanmar.
Since 5th February 2019, the Reference Exchange Rate of Myanmar
Kyat equivalent to one unit of the US Dollar is computed and published
by the Central Bank of Myanmar on its website every bank business day
at 16:00.
The Reference Exchange Rate is an indicative rate and participants in
the foreign exchange market are not required to use it in their foreign
exchange transactions. The Reference Exchange Rate of the previous bank
business day can be used for settling customs obligations, accounting
and statistical purposes.
Treasury Bonds
Issuing Government Treasury Bonds before 2016
On behalf of the Government, the Central Bank of Myanmar (CBM) has issued the 3-years and 5-years Government Treasury Bonds since 1993. On January 1st, 2010, CBM issued 2-years Government Treasury Bonds and the coupon rates of 2-years, 3-years and 5-years Government Treasury Bonds are 8.75%, 9% and 9.5% respectively.
Issuance of Government Treasury Bills and Bonds by Auction
In order to reduce CBM Financing, the Government Treasury
Bill has been issuing since January 28th, 2015 and Bond has
been issuing since September 20th, 2016 with Scripless System
in line with the international standards. According to the Agency Agreement
between Ministry of Planning and Finance (MOPF) and CBM, CBM is acting
as the agent of MOPF but Treasury Department manages all process on behalf
of MOPF for the issuance of Government Securities.
Multiple price system for competitive bidders and Market Weighted Average
Yield for non-competitive bidders has been practiced in Treasury Bill
and Bond Auction.
In Government Securities Auctions, there are two types of bidders, Competitive
and Non-Competitive Bidder. Myanma Economic Bank and Myanma Agricultural
Development Bank are Non-Competitive Bidders and other State-Owned Banks,
Private Banks, Foreign Banks Branches and Securities Companies are Competitive
Bidders. Insurance Companies, Institutional Investors and Individual Investors
can purchase Government Securities through the Securities Companies. All
information related to Government Securities Auction (including Auction
Calendar, Auction Announcement, Auction Result, and Related Documents)
are uploaded on the Website of CBM and the Website of MOPF.
Government Treasury Bill with the maturity of 1-month, 3-months, 6-months
and 1-year have been issued and the total Auction is 190 times up to March
2023. Government Treasury Bond with the maturity of 2-year, 2 and half
year, 3-year, 4-year and 5-year have been issued and the total Auction
is 78 times up to March 2023.
Interest Rates
Central bank rate, interest on treasury bills and bonds, deposit rates and lending rates are shown in table 16.19.
Central Bank Survey
Central Bank Survey in table 16.20 shows the components of monetary base and its assets that are compiled based on the Central Bank's balance sheet data.
Other Depository Corporations Survey
Other Depository Corporations Survey in table 16.21 shows the assets and liabilities positons that are compiled based on the consolidated balance sheets data of domestic banks which are Myanma Economic Bank, Myanma Foreign Trade Bank, Myanma Investment and Commercial Bank, Myanma Agricultural Development Bank, Private Banks and Foreign Bank Branches.
Foreign Exchange Reserves
Foreign Exchange reserves in table 16.22 include gold and foreign currencies. Previously, gold was valued at SDR 35 per fine troy ounce and converted into Kyat at the official exchange rate of K 8.50847 per SDR. Since 1997, the value of gold in the foreign exchange reserves has been based on London Gold Market rate. Foreign currencies are valued at the reference rates.
Depository Corporations Survey
Depository Corporations Survey consolidates the Central Bank Survey and the Other Depository Corporations Survey. In table 16.23 it shows the monetary aggregates positions, and assets that are claims on other sectors of the domestic economy.
Equity Securities Trading
Equity securities trading in Yangon Stock Exchange shown in Table 16.27 means buying and selling the share of listed companies on Yangon Stock Exchange. Currently there are seven listed companies on Yangon Stock Exchange, namely First Myanmar Investment Public Co. Ltd. (FMI), Myanmar Thilawa SEZ Holding Public Ltd. (MTSH), Myanmar Citizens Bank Ltd. (MCB), First Private Bank Ltd. (FPB), TMH Telecom Public Co., Ltd. (TMH), Ever Flow River Group Public Co., Ltd. (EFR), AMATA Holding Public Co., Ltd. (AMATA).
Trading the Government Securities at Secondary Market
Trading the government securities through securities companies at secondary market shown in Table 16.28 includes treasury bonds and treasury bills. The secondary market is a marketplace where investors can buy and sell treasury bonds and treasury bills. A key difference compared to the primary market is that proceeds from the sale of treasury bonds and treasury bills go to the counterparty, which could be an investor or a dealer, whereas in the primary market, money from investor goes directly to the issuer.
Securities Account
A securities account shown in table 16.29 is an account that holds securities on behalf of an investor with a securities company. At this moment, there are six securities companies namely KBZ Securities., Myanmar Securities Exchange Centre Co., AYA trust Securities Co., CB Securities Co., KTZRH Securities Co., and UAB Securities Co.,.